Hmpyc80 Research Methodology - 3369 Words

HMPYC80 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TOPIC 1 STATISTICS Hypothesis testing Variables (Tut 104 p 165) Sampling Distribution of the mean GROUPS DESIGN T Test- difference between the means of 2 groups (BG p.147) Dependent and Independent samples (tc and td) One-way analysis of variance (The F test uses variance as an index for the difference between two or more means.) (BG p. 174) Factorial Analysis of Variance (BG p.180) TOPIC 2 CORRELATIONAL DESIGN Correlation coefficient (BG p. 208) Regression analysis, testing Beta (BG p.221) Prediction and regression analysis (BG p. 235) Multiple regression analysis (BG p.245) TOPIC 3 FACTOR ANALYISIS (BG p. 268) Latent and manifest variable TOPIC 4 RESEARCH PROPOSAL REVIEW Qualitative analysis (Tut 104 p101)†¦show more content†¦However, the guidelines do not guarantee that your research will be ethical - you still have to pay close attention to any ethical issue that my crop up in your research project. Always make sure that you are knowledgeable about ethical guidelines. Paradigms Positivist, interpretive and constructionist paradigm Positivist: numerical, quantitative data Interpretive: insight into subjective world , identify common themes Constructionist: how is the social world constructed, discourse analysis Ontology, epistemology and methodology Each research paradigm has a particular ontology, epistemology and methodology. Ontology refers to researchers’ assumptions about the nature of the social world, for example, positivist researchers tend to assume that the social world operates in a predictable, law-like manner analogous to the physical world. Epistemology refers to researchers’ assumptions about how to gain knowledge about the social world, for example positivist researchers assume that one should measure social phenomena objectively. Methodology refers to the actual procedures used by researchers, for example positivist researchers frequently collect data by means of objective tests and questionnaires and analyse these using statis tical techniques. The tableShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on Adolescent Self-Awareness and the Reduction of Anxiety, Depression and Stress.2411 Words   |  10 PagesRESEARCH METHODOLOGY HMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 Mr P Smith The ANIKARead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesPsychology The Course Leader: HMPYC80 University of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for

Police Officers And The Police Officer - 2134 Words

Strong, courageous, heroic, all words that we hear and use to describe what comes to mind when we think of â€Å"Police Officers.† In elementary school, the most common question students would be asked was â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up,† and the most common response would be in return, â€Å"a police officer.† Sadly now, most are rethinking this occupational choice. The authority that most cops these days believe they have is over the top; they think that they can take advantage of everything and everybody simply by the power of their badge. Police officers need to have more discipline instead of using their supremacy for brutality; there can be many things done to prevent this prevalent issue of police officers ruthlessness and we need to start taking action now. In our world today, police officers aren’t thought of as â€Å"heroes† anymore and that is a problem. Police officers are the people we rely on to keep us safe, enfor ce the laws of the community, and people we can count on whenever there is an issue; but now fear may become a factor next time we are in danger and pick up the phone to call for help. In tense situations, there are times when police are called on to make quick decisions in difficult circumstances in order to protect their own safety and that of innocent bystanders. However, in any situation where aggressive police behavior raises questions about the appropriateness of the reaction, it is important to investigate the accusations promptly andShow MoreRelatedPolice Officers And The Police Officer1381 Words   |  6 Pageswhite, and blue in America represents freedom. When a police officer approaches a civilian in today’s times, those colors mean the absolute worst. With recent police mischief including shootings, red, white, and blue could mean absolute panic. Americans today feel as if there is a war with police officers. The most common question civilians have, why are in nocent people being killed by police officers? The civic responsibility of a police officer is to serve and protect citizens while upholding theRead MorePolice Officers And Police Officer1904 Words   |  8 Pagesthat police officers are using an excess of force, and in some occasions, lethal force in their daily routine. It is now normal for people to get scared when they are in the presence of a police officer. It is not a coincidence because these police officer have created their own reputation. Recent incidents involving police officers shooting innocent people are raising doubts about how police officers are trained, and the credibility in the Unites States Justice System. Ginger Otis in Police StillRead MorePolice Officers And The Police Officer2607 Words   |  11 Pagesthose with 100 or more officers, received more than 26,000 citizen complaints about officers’ use of force. Among those complaints only eight percent had sufficient evidence of the allegation to just ify disciplinary action against the subject officer (U.S. Department of Justice). These incidents occur frequently but what truly happens is never very clear. Witness reports don’t hold up with evidence, the victim has their recollection of what happened and the police officer has another. There is noRead MorePolice Officers And Police Enforcement Officers Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement officers are authorized to use different forces based on its situation. Officers face many circumstances during the period of their job when use of force is necessary. For example, making arrests, restraining unruled combatants, and while controlling disruptive situations. Incidents involving the use of excessive force by the police frequently receive media attentions, legislators and sometimes even criminal courts. To serve better for a community or country a small percentage of police interactionsRead MorePolice Officer As A Officer2024 Words   |  9 PagesWithin all police de partments in the United States there is police rank. Which is a ranking of officers in command from either highest to lowest or lowest to highest. The ranking starts with the Chief of Police than the Deputy Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Detective, and lastly your regular officer. The Chief of Police is in charge of the department and everyone below him or her. The person in command right above officers is usually a sergeant or lieutenant and this is the officers direct bossRead MoreA Police Officer1329 Words   |  6 Pageswill be HB474. This is a bill that requires officers to wear body cameras while preforming their job with the public (Reynolds). I will be informing you on the positive and negative sides of the bill. I will give you my opinion on this bill and why I chose it. I will also inform you on who introduced it and a partial background. Finally I will inform you if the bill passed and became a law or not. In recent years, there has been a huge movement with police brutality. There has also been a movementRead MorePolice Enforcement And Police Officers Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages An integral training of today’s police officers duties is the physical skill of the application of use of force. This is needed skill requirement to detain and arrest a person who has committed a crime and resisting. Police officers must be trained to use force properly when the skill is required on a subject who is resisting police officers efforts to place them under arrest. This skill has the potential for the officer to exceed the needed amount of force to place them under arrest that can leadRead MorePolice Officers And The Police Vehicles1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthat police officers use, and it is on the police vehicles. They take pride to serve our community, take pride to protect our community, and take pride of wearing the badge on their uniforms. Our community wouldn’t be the same if we didn’t have the protection from them; if so there will be some disasters like some today. But yet, they get accused, getting name, and getting threaten for the things that happen consequently. When I was growing up, I hear all these sayings that â€Å"police officers are bad†Read MorePolice Officers And The Police Force1310 Words   |  6 Pagesquote is the extent of our knowledge as an outsider to the Greensboro Police force. I was able to get an inside look at what really happens in a day in the life of an everyday police officer. I spent two days at the department observing the officers and riding alongside one in the police car. Throughout my experience I learned that most of the stereotypes I had about police officers were completely wrong. One of the first officers I talked to was Corporal Donaldson, who is also my father. I asked himRead MorePolice Enforcement And Police Officers1438 Words   |  6 Pageswidely known that police officers are given a substantial amount of latitude concerning vehicular searches while on patrol. Many officers make it a habit to ask citizens they pull over if it s okay to search their cars, while others will only ask if they have reason to believe that a suspect is hiding something. Either way, what should you do if the police search your car without your permission, and without first obtaining a search warrant? Most people know that police officers need one of three

Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control. Answer: Introduction: Communicable diseases are persistently a fundamental public health priority both in Australia and the globe at large. Among the most pressing of such communicable diseases is Ebola. Just as a serious illness, Ebola is caused by Ebola virus that brings about acute and serious illnesses and harms to the human body if not treated(Crawford, 2015). The disease was first noticed in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks one in the Democratic Republic of Congo and another in South Sudan. The worst outbreak in West Africa was experienced between 2014 and 2016 in which there was a complex outbreak of Ebola. This outbreak recorded the highest number of cases and deaths since it was first noticed in 1976. Ebola is a deadly illness that is mostly characterized by internal and external bleeding of body parts, fever, body aches and diarrhea caused by a virus that damages the bodys immune system. It causes blood-clotting cells to drop because it ultimately weakens the immune system of the body. There have not been any reported cases of Ebola virus among the citizens of Australia or among Australian animals. But even with this, the government of Australia has been careful enough and taken the most appropriate precautions to ensure the security and safety of the Australia people(Webber, 2009). The Australian government recognizes the social and economic situation and the critical medical conditions that West African countries had to bear when they were affected by the virus. In a bid to protect her citizens, the government of Australia performs screening her citizens to protect the health of the country at large(Lederberg, 2012). In Australia and Internationally Ebola are transmitted through human to human contact through broken skin, mucous or saliva membranes(Richards, 2016). When the blood secretions, organs and bodily fluids that are infected come to contact there is a high possibility of transmission. Contaminated surfaces and materials like bedding and clothing also promote the transmission. It is believed that Ebola viruses are naturally hosted in fruit bats with the highest levels of outbreaks being recorded among other species as monkeys, forest antelope, gorillas, and chimpanzees. It is introduced into the human population via close contact with the organs, blood or any other bodily fluids of the infected animal whether dead or alive. Hence routes of transmission mainly include skin and other external commonly used materials like cutting blades and sheets. The virus can be spread from an individual to another through body fluids among them waste products and blood. It is also spread sexually when semen of a man who has recovered from Ebola has sex with a woman or even orally(Stanhope, 2015). The risk factors of contracting Ebola is very low in most people with all the cases of death or illness found to have occurred in Africa except for a laboratory contamination that took place in England and Russia. The risk of contracting this infectious disease is increased whenever people travels to or live in African countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Among those at the highest risks include; Healthcare workers and family members who could be taking care of a person infected with Ebola(Atherstone, 2014) Animal researchers doing direct handling of rodent, bat or primates from a region where Ebola virus outbreak has been experienced Laboratory personnel handling bodily fluids or specimen from patients with Ebola virus People taking part in funeral rites in which there is direct contact or exposure to the remains of human in a region where the disease outbreak is evident(Bouzid, 2016). There are identified five types of Ebola out of which four have been found to cause diseases in humans. The types of Ebola include; Zaire ebolavirus Suda ebolavirus Tai Forest ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus which does not cause disease in human beings Till this date, the natural harbor of Ebola virus has not been established. This then translates that the way in which the virus first appears in a human being is unknown. It is believed that the first patient becomes infected by an already infected animal. The first patient gets infected when in contact with animals such as a fruit bat or primate, apes, and monkeys. This is called spillover event. Person to Person transmission follows and can lead to large numbers of affected persons. In some previous Ebola outbreaks, primates also were affected by Ebola and multiple spillover events occurred when people touched or ate infected primates(guides, 2014). Ebola virus, just like any other viruses is acellular and obligate and requires a host in order to be biologically active. The virus has the ability to survive while outside the body of the host even though at reduced survival levels. Once the virus manages to get into the body of the host, it receptor will be attached to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane and upon the attachment, the genome of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host. The pathonogecity of the virus is increased as the virus mutates and divided between the hosts. Due to the presence of glycoproteins, Ebola virus is found to be very effective in infecting the host(Evans, 2016). The glycoproteins bind to the specific receptor of the host when exposed to the environment. They are an integral part in facilitating the communication between other cells in the host and the outside environment(Stanhope, 2015). Most of the envelope viruses like Ebola virus are found in abundance in sheds of animal waste as such environments enable the virus to persevere the environment outside the body of the host. Such persistence increases the chances of reoccurrence of the virus and thereby increasing the chances of infection among human beings. This leaves the human population with the task of ensuring proper management and taking care of the environment as a strategy in the prevention of the outbreak of Ebola(Pray, 2016). Poor sanitation is a major health issue in Africa thereby exposing African countries to the aftermath of the survival of Ebola virus(Crawford, 2015). The virus can easily be transmitted from one person to another by the contamination of water by either fecal containing wastes or any other virus containing wastes. The scarcity of food is yet another environmental factor that increases the chances of contracting Ebola virus. In the process of hunting animals for food, people come into contact with infected animals. Still, malnutrition is yet another factor for the cause of the disease in Africa. Lack of the nutrients required by the body leads to psychological suffering among the population thereby inhibiting the ability of the body to adequately respond to the environment thereby increasing the vulnerability(Nelson, 2014). Besides the mentioned human factors, scientists have found out that filo viruses for example Ebola thrive well in the tropical regions of Africa an most specifically in the humid rainforests. This is the same cases experienced in the Philippines which have relatively the same seasons and temperature changes as the tropical regions of Africa. Ebola is not spread through air, water or in general by food. Mosquitoes and other insects likewise do not spread Ebola virus. In Africa, it spreads mostly through handling bush meat got from hunting common game animals like wild pigs(Preston, 2010). Other areas have registered exotic and unusual pets such as monkeys, apes or pigs as having high risks of being infected and shedding Ebola virus if they are exposed to the virus. Hence pets do transmit Ebola virus, however, it is not yet confirmed whether pet body fur can transmit Ebola virus. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that public health officials in collaboration with a veterinarian evaluate the pets risk of exposure to the virus; close contact or exposure to blood or body fluids of an Ebola patient(Pray, 2016). Based on this evaluation as well as the specific situation, local and state human and animal health officials will determine how the pet should be handled because currently there are no routine tests for Ebola available for pests. Pigs are the only animals currently very highly susceptible to any Ebola virus. Pigs have been found to be naturally infected with the Reston virus which is a constituent species of the Ebola virus that, however, does not cause sickness to humans(Stanhope, 2015). There are four most common types of epidemiological studies: Cohort Study. Case-Control Study. Occupational Epidemiological Study. Cross-Sectional Study. Epidemiologists use statistical methods to determine whether the differences they see are real or due to chance fluctuations. Epidemiology defined to be the study of the causes, existence management, and spread of health and illnesses in a certain niche population. Infection is the multiplication of organisms inside the tissues of the host and may eventually culminate into an illness. A carrier refers to any individual with no overt disease who bears infectious organisms(guides, 2014). There are various steps applied in the investigation of disease-causing epidemics. Means and methods have advanced tremendously overtime since the time of Hippocrates. Depending on the technique and analysis, epidemiology varies depending on the type of the disease in question. Here is a process that can be used in Epidemiology Study. Acknowledging the existence of a problem: It is quite expensive to undertake full studies in epidemiology besides the tiresome nature of the task. It is important to establish the need of a research before a study is undertaken(Wallace, 2014). ? Justification of the homogeneity of the undertaking: conclusions drawn from homogenous occurrences are likely to be suspected and thus it is required that the undertaken events to be the real cases of the disease under study(Singer, 2016). Gather all the occurrences: Inspecting an enormous data would yield more accurate results hence it is important to gather as much information and one can to enable evaluation of the greatest available risk factors. Various strategies can be deployed in the gathering of the events including from records of hospitals and epidemiological study methods. The events can be characterized by Incidence rates and prevalence rates. Often, the occurrence of a single disease entity is set as an event(Organization, 2013). Given inherent heterogeneous nature of any given disease (i.e., the unique disease principle), a single disease entity may be treated as disease subtypes. This framework is well conceptualized in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. Checking the trends and patterns: The similarities in the occurrences which could help in the identification of the main risk factors that would facilitate the contraction of the disease are considered in this. Such risks can be identified with the help of epidemic curves.(Webber, 2009). Formulate a hypothesis: The researcher may consider postulating as to the extent of the correlation between the disease and the probable agent causing the disease upon observation of the trend in the cases. Test the hypothesis: Uncontrollable variations are found to be a pollutant to the epidemiological studies conducted since these experiments can never be done in a laboratory thereby making interpretation of the found results a bit of a challenge. This often makes the results difficult to interpret. To assess the correlation between the disease and the disease-causing factors, two methods are deployed; Koch's postulates and Bradford-Hill Criteria Publish the results: The found out result are published and the findings made known so as the necessary adjustments can be made. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases There is the need to prevent and control of Ebola. Among the strategies include; Implementing vaccination laws and taking universal cautions pathogen procedures according to public health policies, and regulations. Vaccinations of individuals will be organized and medical assessments carried out besides any other strategies that would ensure non-harmful infection in a bid to contain the spread of communicable diseases(Bonita, 2012). Ongoing health education relating to disease prevention, hygiene measures for all people ranging from children in the family unit, public domain and reaching the masses in various ways to foster cleanliness and prevention. Implementing good hand washing procedures. Implementing case isolation and effective treatment to minimize contact and reduce the chances of re-infection and even infecting other people(Lederberg, 2012). ensuring safety and security of blood being transfused Avoiding infection while traveling abroad Undertakings which provide tourism services shall inform their customers about to travel to a foreign country of: the risks of becoming infected with a communicable disease in the country to be visited; the validity of vaccination or of using medicinal products; the chances of getting medical advice before travelling and medication during the travel. Quarantine is a restriction of the movement of persons, goods, and vehicles and of the provision of services which is established with the aim of preventing any extremely dangerous communicable disease from spreading outside the focus of the disease(Atherstone, 2014). For the purposes of this Act, the focus of a disease is a delimited territory containing persons suffering from a communicable disease and persons suspected of being infected and where intensified surveillance over the residents is exercised by the health protection authorities(Cavendish, 2011). Quarantine is established by a written order of the county government on the proposal of the director general of the public health. Quarantine requirements and the procedure for compliance therewith shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area. Quarantine is ended by a documented instruction of the public health officers on the recommendation by the general director of the public after the outbreak of the communicable disease has been thwarted, the fulfillments of the requirements for the control and the and attention on the disease has been declared of no impact any more(Kahn, 2015). The outlining of quarantine requirements and the bringing to an end thereof shall be to the public knowledge through the various available sources of media Principles of Surveillance The ease of spread of communicable diseases from an individual to another is very high in the society and may result into numerous illnesses and deaths. A comprehensive public health surveillance comprised of close range observation, noting and reporting of scenarios of weighty communicable diseases in a society has extensive being covered in this excerpt(Evans, 2016). An vast comprehension of public health surveillance gives a healthcare practitioner an opportunity to identify any chances of existence of extra cases of communicable diseases in a society and submit the report and the most appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities. Through the use of public health surveillance, one is able to evaluate the extent of damage by a major communicable diseases in a given geographical boundary by taking the single head counts of the reported cases of the disease infection. Planning and establishing the most appropriate measures to curb and control communicable infections is made possible through the collection and analysis of public health data. Such measures would be among them supply and distribution of the required medicines as well as enlightening the community as regards prevention of the diseases. In-depth explanations of the public health surveillance basic concepts, the various available types of surveillance as well as the undertakings one involves in during recording and reporting illnesses is discussed herein.(Crawford, 2015). Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease and injury. Public health surveillance is a tool to estimate the health status and behavior of the populations served by ministries of health, ministries of finance, and donors. Because surveillance can directly measure what is going on in the population, it is useful both for measuring the need for interventions and for directly measuring the effects of interventions. The purpose of surveillance is to empower decision makers to lead and manage more effectively by providing timely, useful evidence(Bouzid, 2016). Sentinel Surveillance Periodic Population-based Surveys Laboratory related surveillance The methods deployed in the surveillance of infectious diseases in a particular country are a factor of the economic status of the country. That means developed countries are likely to enjoy more complex data surveillance techniques as opposed to economically endangered countries. Analysis of surveillance information is based on person, place and/or time. There should be continuous review of the hospital data by qualified technical personnel so as to ascertain that the data relied upon for the operations of the hospital is valid and not containing any elements of misleading information(Lyons-Weiler, 2015). Tables and graphs are found to be the most appropriate when presenting data due to their simplistic nature. It is worth to note that the data should be delivered to the policy makers in time so as to enable them include the collected and interpreted data when coming up with programs deemed to be of necessity in the surveillance of data. The fast changing informatics field of health, concerned with gathering, classification, preservation, extraction, analysis and display of volumes of health data, gives an opportunity for real integrated public health surveillance depending on the standardization of data, infrastructure of communication, and regulations bordering access and safety of health data. By incorporating a systematic approach to the contents of data standard, surveillance will benefit(Ealy, 2015). An example is the deployment of systems based on standards in supporting the automation of reporting diagnostic laboratory results electronically enabling the identification of noticed diseases thereby enhancing quick responses and corrective measures by the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References Atherstone, C. (2014). Ebola risk assessment in the pig value chain in Uganda. Kampala: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). Bonita, R. (2012). Basic Epidemiology. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bouzid, B. (2016). Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics. Manchester: IGI Global. Cavendish, M. (2011). Diseases and Disorders, Volume 1. Machester: Marshall Cavendish. Crawford, D. H. (2015). Ebola: Profile of a Killer Virus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ealy, G. (2015). Ebola. Oxford: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Evans, N. G. (2016). Ebola's Message: Public Health and Medicine in the Twenty-First Century. Chicago: MIT Press. guides, e. . (2014). Ebola: Information for Healthcare Workers and Settings - For Your Reference. California: eregs guides. Kahn, C. R. (2015). Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus: Edited by C. Ronald Kahn ... [et Al.]. Salt Lake: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Lederberg, J. (2012). Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Bombay: National Academies. Lyons-Weiler, J. (2015). Ebola: An Evolving Story. London: World Scientific. Mack, A. (2016). The Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. Nairobi: National Academies Press. Medicine, A. o. (2010). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, Volume 26. London: Academy of Medicine. Morain, S. A. (2012). Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance. Los Angeles: CRC Press. Nelson, K. E. (2014). Infectious Disease Epidemiology. Oxford: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Organization, W. H. (2013). Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease. New York: World Health Organization. Pray, L. (2016). The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary. Manchester: National Academies Press. Preston, R. (2010). The Hot Zone. Oxford: Paw Prints. Richards, P. (2016). Ebola: How a People's Science Helped End an Epidemic. Freetown: Zed Books Ltd. Singer, M. (2016). A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health. Salt Lake: John Wiley Sons. Stanhope, M. (2015). Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Wallace, R. B. (2014). Maxey-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine: Fifteenth Edition. London: McGraw Hill Professional. Webber, R. (2009). Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective. New York: CABI.

Themes In Blood Brothers Essay Example For Students

Themes In Blood Brothers Essay In this coursework I will compare how different environments affect a Childs attitude. To do this, as a director I would want the two actors Mickey and Eddie to act completely different.  As we read further into the scene and the boys begin to have a chat about the words they know, we begin to notice the difference in the two boys vocabulary. We learn that Mickey is cheeky and streetwise for instance the words he uses such as Pissed off. This shows the audience that Mickey has been brought up in an environment were this sort of language is commonly used. The actor who plays Mickey could make himself look tough and gain respect from his friend by using foul language and saying it in a bold way. We will write a custom essay on Themes In Blood Brothers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Were as the actor playing Eddie could act surprised and show admiration to Mickey because he knows these word, they are words Eddie has never heard of. The actors can continue Eddies naivety and Mickeys through out the rest of the scene. An example of this is when the two boys are having a conversation about the F word. Eddie says he will look it up in the dictionary also Mickey shows ignorance when he calls a dictionary a Thingy because he doesnt know what one is. Through out the scene the two actors should show they are felling safer in each others company. This should replace the caution shown at the begging of the film. By the end of this scene they should have made the audience think they are best friends and have known each other for a long time.  A very important part in the scene is when the two boys decide to become blood brothers. This would be very dramatic on stage and also very effective. For the actor playing Mickey this part in the scene needs to be done properly he needs to take charge to do this he could stand in the centre of the stage and make the penknife in his hand stand out to the audience. Eddie on the other hand must look very nervous at this point because Mickey is preparing to cut his hand. The two lads should stand tall and be proud as they go through the ritual, their lies should be said slowly and very clearly they should also pause between each word for emphasis. Then to break the tension the mother can shout from the side of the stage. If I were directing this scene my advice to the mother would be to be very loud and brassy but at the same time very defensive when she first meets Eddie. When Mickey tells his mum that he has a new friend she should be very curious and try to find out as much information as she can about him. She shows she is trying to do this when she says what Eddie, Eddie who? She should use a threatening tone of voice. This would be used because she does not want Mickey to find out that he was separated from his twin brother when they were born. This is not because the she wants to threaten her son. When she meets Eddie later on in the scene she should try to show her fear to the audience but try to keep the physical presence she has over the boys. She then attempts to scare Edie with The bogeyman she should try to install worry into his mind by saying it in an un-nerving way. But she fails to realise that a boy brought up as well as Eddie would not know who the bogeyman was, so therefore he would not fear him! She would need to convey all of her lines with a sense of pain, anger, and worry. She would feel pain due to the emotional stress of finally meeting her son again, anger because as much as she didnt want it to happen the two boys have met each other and then feel worried because of her fear of the truth. .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .postImageUrl , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:hover , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:visited , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:active { border:0!important; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:active , .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05 .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u280fabb8ac0d55f85b9e31ff88daab05:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mindless Existence in Fahrenheit 451 EssayThe final thing I will mention is that the way the characters speak will make a big difference in the play. The audience need them to speak in certain ways so that they can find out more about the characters. For example Mickey and his mum should talk with strong Liverpool accents, and to show they are loud people they should talk in a noisy way. The reason for this could be the large family and the lack of one to one attention form the mother. This may also be because they all have to speak over each other to be heard in the house. Some of the words and phrases used should be emphasised because they reflect the scouse speech. Some examples of this are when Mickey says us instead of we this is an example of dialect and so does his phrases are you soft. The language Mickey uses also shows his lack of education for example he uses the word thingy because he does not know what a dictionary is also to gain respect he will use bad language. The word bleeding is used a lot by Mickey to express himself. The actor taking on Mickeys roll should accentuate these words; this will help deliver some clues to his social background. On the other hand the actor taking on the roll of Eddie would need to use very different words and also deliver them properly to show he has received a higher level of education and was brought up by a family he uses received pronunciation. So he should use words such as Hello and Super to provide the audience with a contrast of him and Mickey and his mother. He should also not show fear of the words such as the bogeyman and the F word because he does not know the meaning of them. If he repeats these words the actor playing him should do so without showing sense that he knows their meanings. If he does this he will give the audience an insight into his background and also add to the comedy evident in this scene.

20 Words with More Than One Spelling

20 Words with More Than One Spelling 20 Words with More Than One Spelling 20 Words with More Than One Spelling By Mark Nichol When the dictionary lists two alternate spellings of a word, should you use your judgment (or is that judgement?), or is there some other criterion for selection? Most dictionaries describe what is, rather than prescribe what should be hence the alternatives but they usually favor one form over the other. For both convenience and consistency, follow the dictionary’s indirect dictates. In printed dictionaries, the preferred form will have the full definition, while the runner-up will be cross-referenced to the winner. Online, the spelling in the Web page’s heading indicates the preference, though the other choice will likely also be listed. Here are some common entries with more than one orthography: 1. Acknowledgment/acknowledgement: Acknowledgment, though it looks awkward because the spelling implies that the g is pronounced hard, rather than (correctly) soft, is the preferred spelling, at least in American English. 2. Adviser/advisor: Adviser is the preferred spelling, though it is inconsistent with the spelling of the adjectival form advisory. 3. Aesthetic/esthetic: Aesthetic is the preferred spelling, a rare case of the digraph retained in American English in favor of a single-vowel spelling. (See also amoeba/ameba and archaeology/archeology.) 4. Ameba/amoeba: Amoeba is the preferred spelling. It also has variant plural forms: Amoebas is acceptable in all but the most strictly scientific contexts, where amoebae is preferred. 5. Amok/amuck: Amok is the traditional spelling, preferred to amuck. 6. Among/amongst: The -st extension is, in both American English and British English, widely considered an unnecessary appendage. (The same preference applies for amid/amidst and while/whilst; whilst is, at any rate, rare in American English.) 7. Analog/analogue: Analog is one of fourteen words in which the original -ue ending is clipped. Whether one form or the other is preferred varies depending on not only the word but also, occasionally, on which part of speech it represents. Most one- and two-syllable words ending in -ue have no truncated variant; prologue is the exception. 8. Archaeology/archeology: The version with the ae digraph is preferred over the single-vowel form. 9. Ax/axe: Ax is the preferred spelling, alone and in compounds (axman, battle-ax). 10. Collectable/collectible: Collectible is the preferred variant. 11. Barbecue/Barbeque: Barbeque is a variant of barbecue influenced by the truncation BBQ. 12. Disc/disk: Disc is a variant of disk, though it has valid status in the â€Å"phrase compact disc† and references to similar media. 13. Donut/doughnut: Donut is an informal variant of doughnut. 14. Enquire/inquire: Inquire is the preferred American English spelling, but in British English, enquire prevails. 15. Flier/flyer: Spelling depends on meaning. See this post, in which I conclude that pilots and passengers are fliers, and posted papers are flyers. 16. Gray/grey: Gray is the preferred spelling in American English; British English favors grey. 17. Nite/night: Nite is an informal variant of night. 18. Theater/theatre: The former spelling is preferred in American English, though the latter form sometimes appears in proper names. 19. Toward/towards: In American English, towards and other similar words are considered informal variants of the forms in which the s is omitted. 20. Whiskey/whisky: The former spelling is more common in the United States (as well as in Ireland), though usage in labeling varies. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations7 Other Types of Pronouns

Whats a Weighted GPA How to Calculate It

What's a Weighted GPA How to Calculate It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your weighted GPA in high school tells colleges a lot about your ability to take on academic challenges. In this article, I’ll go through a basic description of what a weighted GPA is, why it matters for you, and how you can calculate your own weighted GPA if your school uses this type of scale. What Is a Weighted GPA? A weighted GPA is a GPA that takes the difficulty of your classes into account along with your grades. On a typical unweighted scale (which is solely based on grades and not on the difficulty of your classes), GPAs are recorded as numbers ranging from 0 to 4.0.This scale is why the ideal of the perfect 4.0 GPA exists. If your school uses weighted GPAs, however, the scale goes up higher.Typically a weighted GPA scale ranges from 0 to 5.0.This is to accommodate grades in AP or honors courses, where an A on the weighted scale translates to a 5.0 based on the difficulty of the class.Regular-level classes maintain the typical unweighted scale, where an A translates into a 4.0.Many schools also offer mid-level classes between regular and honors classes where an A translates into a 4.5. This means that someone who takes more difficult courses throughout high school will end up with a higher weighted GPA than someone who takes less difficult courses even if their actual grades are identical. Why Should You Care About Your Weighted GPA? You should pay attention to your weighted GPA because it will have an impact on the college application process and on how you interpret advice about GPAs. If you’re trying to figure out whether your GPA is â€Å"good†, most of the advice you find will be based on the unweighted scale.This is because the unweighted scale is more widely used, and weighted scales often differ between high schools. This advice can be misleading for students who only know their weighted GPAs. If you have a 4.0 weighted GPA, you're not necessarily good to go for admission to any college.A student with a 4.0 weighted GPA may be in the lowest-level classes earning all As or in the highest-level classes earning all Bs.Even with the same weighted GPA, these two cases will not be viewed the same way.Colleges will favor the student with Bs in high-level classes because that student was willing to take on more academic challenges. Weighted GPAs incentivize you to take more difficult classes without fear of slightly lower grades messing up your GPA.Earning high grades in harder classes will have a significant positive influence on your weighted GPA.Imagine a student is earning all Bs in regular-level classes, giving him or her a 3.0 weighted GPA.Then let’s say that student decides to switch into more difficult classes in two of the five subject areas and earns B-s in those classes.Even with slightly lower grades, this would move the student’s weighted GPA for the semester up from a 3.0 to a 3.3. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. With weighted GPA, you can become an academic mountain goat, fearlessly scaling the rocky crags of progressively more challenging classes. How to Calculate Weighted GPA So with all this in mind, how do you calculate your weighted GPA?It’s pretty easy if you know your grades so far in high school and the levels of classes you’ve taken.The simplest way to translate grades into weighted GPA is to follow the unweighted scale for regular-level classes, add 0.5 to the unweighted scale for mid-level classes (such as honors classes), and add 1.0 to the unweighted scale for high-level classes (such as APs). Here’s the unweighted scale for reference: Grade GPA A+ 4.0 A 4.0 A- 3.7 B+ 3.3 B 3.0 B- 2.7 C+ 2.3 C 2.0 C- 1.7 D+ 1.3 D 1.0 F 0.0 One way to calculate your weighted GPA is to find your average unweighted GPA and multiply that by the number of classes you've taken. Then, add 0.5 for each mid-level class you took and 1.0 for each high-level class you took. Divide the result by the total number of classes to find your weighted GPA so far. I'll use a hypthetical example to go through a more detailed description of how to calculate weighted GPA. Let’s say you’re in the middle of your sophomore year, so you’ve completed three semesters of high school thus far. Here are some example charts of the classes you may have taken, their levels, and your grades for each semester: First Semester Freshman Year Class Level Letter Grade Unweighted GPA Weighted GPA 1 Honors Biology B+ 3.3 3.8 2 Honors Algebra 1 B 3.0 3.5 3 Honors Human Geography B 3.0 3.5 4 Freshman English A 4.0 4.0 5 Spanish 1 A- 3.7 3.7 The weighted GPA for this semester is the average of all the numbers in the last column.Your first semester freshman year weighted GPA would be a 3.7. For the second semester, let’s say you continued to take the same level classes but improved your grades: Second Semester Freshman Year Class Level Letter Grade Unweighted GPA Weighted GPA 1 Honors Biology A 4.0 4.5 2 Honors Algebra 1 B+ 3.3 3.8 3 Honors Human Geography B+ 3.3 3.8 4 Freshman English A 4.0 4.0 5 Spanish 1 A 4.0 4.0 This time, when we average all the numbers in the last column, your second semester freshman year weighted GPA is a 4.0. For the first semester of sophomore year, let’s say you decided to take mostly mid-level classes with one high-level class (you were ready to move up in the mid-level class and the regular-level classes where you earned As!). First Semester Sophomore Year Class Level Letter Grade Unweighted GPA Weighted GPA 1 AP World History B+ 3.3 4.3 2 Honors Chemistry B+ 3.3 3.8 3 Honors Algebra II B+ 3.3 3.8 4 Honors English A- 3.7 4.2 5 Honors Spanish II A- 3.7 4.2 If we average all the numbers in the last column, your first semester sophomore year weighted GPA comes out to a 4.1. Now, to figure out your cumulative GPA, we just have to average the weighted GPAs from each semester (note that this only works if you took the same amount of classes each semester - if you didn't, I would recommend just using the formula I described earlier in this section rather than going semester by semester). Semester Weighted GPA First - Freshman Year 3.7 Second - Freshman Year 4.0 First - Sophomore Year 4.1 Cumulative 3.9 So far, your cumulative weighted GPA is a 3.9. Hopefully this example will help you understand how to calculate your weighted GPA.If your school is more specific about what grade corresponds to what GPA (i.e. it assigns a different GPA to different averages within each letter grade, so a 90 A- would translate to a lower GPA than a 92 A-),take a look at this more detailed chart to make your calculations more accurate. Conclusion Weighted GPA is a way for high schools to create a measure of academic achievement that takes into account the difficulty of a student’s course load and not just his or her grades alone.On a weighted GPA scale, GPAs typically range from 0 to 5.0, with a 5.0 representing all As in the highest-level classes.Weighted GPA gives you a way to gauge your progress throughout high school based on both grades AND willingness to take on intellectual challenges. You shouldn’t judge your weighted GPA by its position on the unweighted scale.Even weighted GPAs that are over a 4.0 are not guaranteed to get you into the most selective schools.Based on the example in this article, you should be able to calculate your weighted GPA and determine whether you need to take more difficult classes to improve your stats for college! What's Next? Now that you know about weighted GPA, you may be wondering whether colleges will consider it more or less strongly than your basic unweighted GPA. Learn about which GPA matters more for collegeadmissions. Are you just wondering whether your weighted or unweighted GPA will be considered "good" in the college admissions process? Take a look at this article on what constitutes a good or bad GPA for college. Not sure which classes you should be taking in high school to ensure that you have a good shot at selective colleges? Read this article for some advice! Want to improve your GPA?Check out our in-depth guide to raising your grades, from a writer who got a perfect 4.0 GPA. Read it for free now:

Supramolecular Polymers based on Hydrogen Bonding Essay

Supramolecular Polymers based on Hydrogen Bonding - Essay Example The paper tells that a supramolecular polymer refers to any kind of self-assembly that results in the creation of polymer-like aggregates occurring through reversible interactions between one or more kinds of components. Because of the reversible interactions, these polymers can thermally equilibrate with their monomers, unlike conventional polymers. These polymers are responsive to external stimuli. The mechanical properties of these polymers respond strongly to changes in solvent or temperature because of their reversible interactions, and so, they are in continuous equilibrium with their environment. Therefore, the functional properties of these polymers are highly useful. Supramolecular polymers show polymer like rheological properties because of their macromolecular structure and can also form gels if the self-assembled chains are long enough. Supramolecular polymers comprise of non-covalently bonded monomers and are of various types that include crystals, colloids, gels, liquid crystals, and hydrogen bonded polymers. Hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers are those polymers in which the monomers are held together only by hydrogen bonds. The utility of hydrogen bonds in bringing polymers together was first shown by Stadler and coworkers. Supramolecular polymers can generally be classified into main-chain and side-chain polymers. The main-chain polymers are further divided into linear main-chain polymers, networks and linear polymers based on their bidirectional units. Side-chain polymers are further divided into two classes. The first one includes polymers with binding motifs in the side-chain, and the second one includes polymers with binding motifs in the main chain (Ligthart 2006). Supramolecular polymers of the linear main-chain type can be formed via the assembly of bifunctional or multifunctional monomers or planar structures that can assemble on both sides of a plane (Ligthart 2006). Figure 1 — Two classes of supramolecular polymers (a) Main -chain polymers, (b) Side-chain polymers (Source: Ligthart 2006, p. 3) According to Greef et al. (2009), supramolecular polymers can be classified based on the type of interactions that lead to their formation. Accordingly, the different types of supramolecular polymers that can be classified based on the interactions include those that are formed by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ?-? interactions, and metal-ligand binding. However, Greef et al argue that this scheme of classification, although useful, ignores mechanistic details that have been revealed as research in the field progresses. They thus propose another system of classification, which includes two groups. The first group of polymers are those that have monomers of single type, which undergo complementary end-group or self-complementary interactions. With the help of complementary couples that are directional (A-B), and self-complementary binding motifs (A-A), all kinds of polymeric structures such as cross-lin ked networks, linear homo-polymers and copolymers, and branched structures can be synthesized (Ligthart 2006). For instance, polymerization of an A2 monomer which results from the reversible A: A self-complementary interaction, comes under the first group. The polymerization of A-B monomer through a reversible A: B complementary end-group interaction is another example of the first group of supramolecular

Guadalcanal Battle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guadalcanal Battle - Essay Example After the victory at ‘Battle of Midway’ American forces started planning for recapturing of Pacific Islands from Japanese. The first event in this direction was the Guadalcanal battle. The use of islands, like Guadalcanal, Tulagi and Florida in Southern Solomon by Japanese forces was proving a major threat to supply routes between USA, Australia and New Zealand. The battle began for the sole purpose of ensuring safety for these routes.There was difference of opinion in Japan over the importance of this island. While many army officers thought it better to manage the existing and over-stretched empire, the other faction wanted further territorial expansion. This could be a reason for the Japanese lacking the will to counter allied attacks at Guadalcanal. Leading the attack on August 07, 1942, allied forces expected stiff resistance from Japanese army, but the tactical combined approach by allied forces took the other side by complete surprise and they did not find any res istance from Japanese. This boosted the will of allied forces to head for all-out victory. Although the rough climate and weather caused communication and operational problems for Americans, there was no fighting on the island for almost 24 hours, after the attack. However, the following days   witnessed severe fighting as Japanese cruiser force attack eventually threw the Allied forces out of the reach of the crucial Guadalcanal airfield.Such disarray within Japanese forces was the major element for American victory.... The rough terrain faced by Japanese was another factor for the American victory, as Japanese forces were down with fatigue and could not prove their mettle in counter-offensive attacks. Such disarray within Japanese forces was the major element for American victory. (The Battle of Guadalcanal) Lessons learnt The lessons from this battle have relevance to current defense preparations by the US. Various defense studies have reinforced the fact that America cannot afford to neglect events in the Pacific region, if the country has to safeguard its economic and security interests. With China increasing its military might and economic hold on world trade, the importance of Pacific region is still high on the American defense agenda. The challenges posed by many nations towards ‘anti-access’ or ‘area –denial’ strategies for Americans still pose threats to the country’s security. These causes lead to the battle of Guadalcanal, forcing Americans to reca pture strategic Pacific islands from Japan, during world war. They are important even today. (Holzer) Logistics of the area remains a challenge, irrespective of the development of modern weaponry with latest technology. Supply routes are vulnerable even today. The time and distance involved with any military operations in the area has relevance even today, as the forces need to access the rough vast terrain of the region. The lessons learnt by marines and sailors during Guadalcanal battle have been relevant for all the following campaigns in Pacific region. The policy changes for Asia-pacific, including military strategies have been influenced by such lessons, being relevant for Marine and Naval Corps in 2012, as well. (Holzer) Examples of intelligence failures Command and control

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Example for Free

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Socialization can be referred to as the process by where adults and children learn from each other. It is often said that socialization begins at home and this is true because it is the responsibility of the family to teach children from a very early age the norms and values of society. It is the process by which they learn right from wrong. Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps of their parents, teachers or older siblings. Socialization never really stops because all through life, people learn new things and they are never knowledgeable enough to know everything. During this process of socialization children develop a sense of self and become their own person. They become unique and have a distinct personality. Individuals develop their potential and learn culture through this process of socialization. Humans are unlike any other species and they need to learn things and how to survive. It is important for humans to learn their culture for it is a part of who they are. We learn by internalizing which is the process when people take norms values beliefs and language as their own and accept them as their own. Importance of socialization Socialization is important for many reasons: It helps a person become who they really are. It provides the basics for a person to learn about their culture and their way of behavior. Socialization helps people discover their talents and they find out that they are really good at something and they enjoy that. Through socialization children can develop as a person and acquire normal social graces. Children need to feel cared for and loved so when parents take time out for their children and teach them values and norms this helps them to develop properly. Learn ways on how to think talk and actions that are important for social living Is a way by which the society can pass culture along to the next generation We achieve harmony and are able to it into society We develop skills and learn not to always act on instinct It avoids isolation and improper development of children It allows us to develop our potential to develop or maximize skills We develop proper learning Agents of socialization The family is a major agent of socialization. It gives individuals their first experience, earliest and deepest experience to relationships and their exposure to the way of life. The family also teaches their own about the social and physical environment and teaches them to follow it. Children learn from the type of environment that elders create. The family also gives children a social place when it comes to religion race or culture. This makes up the child’s self-concept. The family are the ones responsible to teach children manners, respect and obedience. They cannot allow their children to go to school without teaching them how to talk to older people with respect or how to obey when told to do something. The school also plays a role in the socialization of children. The school is a port way for children to learn about their ancestors and to teach them of the way people behaved in the older times compared to the way they behave now. They learn how society is connected to race and gender. The school is their first experience to bureaucracy. This means that the school prepares them for the future because it runs on a time schedule and is governed by rules. This is helpful because it prepares them for when they get a job. It is also proven that schools mold children into gender roles. School also open opportunities or children to join peer groups in which they meet people with similar interests or talents. The mass media is also an agent of socialization. The mass media provides a vast amount of information to a huge audience at the same time. It is proven to have a great impact on the behavior and attitude of children. The media is also a port way for people to learn about different cultures and to meet people of different race and ethnicity. The media can inspire people to achieve access and to follow their dreams. Children will view successful people on the television and aspire to be like them. This is a good thing because children will have ambition. Theories on socialization George Herbert Mead: He developed a theory on social behaviorism. It explained how a person’s personality can be affected by social experience. He saw the power that environment had when it came to shaping behavior. He studied inward thinking. His main concept was self. He described this as the part of a person’s personality composed of self- awareness and self- image. He considered that self only develops when people interact with others. He said that humans care what others think of them and that is what they think of themselves as well. Lawrence Kohlberg: He studied how people distinguish between right and wrong. At an early age for children, they think that whatever feel good to them is right. Another aspect of his is that teenagers in the adolescent stage lose their selfishness and learn to act according to what parents tell them and by the rules of their school. He also said that individuals learn not to argue with what is legal or right. Jean Piaget: he studied human cognition. This refers to how people think. He wondered how children made sense of the world. He described the way children made their way through life based on what they thought of it. Piaget believed that biological maturation and increasing social experience was reflected by human behavior. He stated four stages of cognitive development which included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Sigmund Freud: He studied mental disorder and personality. He believed that biology played a major role in the way people develop. He said that the human personality had three parts which include: The id which represents the innate human drives, this would be the human life and death instincts, the ego which refers to the internalized cultural values and norms and the ego which he considered resolved the competition between the restraints of the superego and the demands of the id. . Family Basic Concepts Family is a group of people who are closely related to each other by blood, adaption or marriage. The family is considered the basic unit of society. A family is considered to be the people who will always be there for you, no matter the situation you are involved in. Whenever in need of something the first place you run to is home. You are confident that there you can be safe and that there will be the people you can depend on. The family is the group of people who play a significant role in an individual’s life. Bonds within a family are considered kinship. Within every society there are families, however the views of people and whom they consider to be their family may vary depending on historical changes and culture. Family of orientation refers to when individuals are born into a family that includes parents and siblings living together. This plays an important role in socialization. A family of procreation is when adults decide to start their own family either naturally or through adaption. Marriage is an important aspect when considering starting a family. Marriage is a legal union between two people who commit to each other and this involves economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing. Children born out of marriage are considered to be illegitimate. Global Variations Types of families: Extended family: Is a family that includes more than three generations living in the same household. Everyone is connected by blood. Nuclear family: A family that includes a mother, father and their children living under the same roof. Sibling household: This is a family that an older brother or sister is the one in charge of the rest of children. They are required to be the parents and take care of the younger ones. Reconstituted family: This is a family type formed by the combination of two single- parent families. Single- parent family: Is a family type that involves one parent taking care of the household. Marriage patterns This refers to the way in which individuals are required to marry: Endogamy: This refers to marriage between people of the same social category. This limits marriage prospects to other people of the same gender, social class or race. Exogamy: This is when people of different social class get married. This type of marriage promotes cultural diffusion and builds alliances. Monogamy: This is marriage between two people. Polygamy: This is a type of marriage that unites two or more people. Polygyny: This refers to marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry: This refers to marriage of one woman to two or more men. Residential Patterns This talks about where a couple resides after being married: Patrilocality: This pattern refers to when the married couple lives with or close to the husband’s parents or family. Matrilocality: This is when the married couple lives close by or with the wife’s family. Neolocality: This refers to when the married couple live in a new place away from any side of their families. Patterns of Decent This refers to a system families used to trace their kinship over generations. Patrilineal descent: This is when individuals trace their kinship through men. This is when sons are the ones who inherit or get property passed on to them by their fathers. Matrilineal descent: This is a system used to trace kinship through women. This is when mothers pass on property or inheritance to their daughters. Bilateral Descent: in order to promote gender equality, this system traces kinship through both men and women. Theoretical Analysis of the Family Functions of the family Structural and functional analysis: Socialization: The teaching of right from wrong to children. Regulation of sexual activity: Every culture tries to regulate sexual activity in order to maintain property rights and kinship organization. Social Placement: Families try to maintain social organization in order to confer their social identity. Material, emotional and financial security: Families provide financial assistance, physical protection and emotional support. Inequality and the family: Social- Conflict analysis Property and Inheritance: Identifying heirs in order to transmit property. Patriarchy: This is how men own women as their sexual and economic property. Racial and ethnic inequality: Families promote people marry others like themselves. Stages of Family Life This is the way how a family evolves. Courtship: Is when partners get to know each other and see if they are compatible. Settling in: This involves romantic love where partners fall in love with each other and usually plan to marry or not. Child rearing: This is the raising of children on the right path showing them love and kindness. The family in later life: This is when people stay married but for the final years of their marriage they return to living with only one spouse. Transitions and problems in family They are many things that break up the family: Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage. Causes: Individualism is on the rise: This is when family members stop spending as much time with each other. Romantic love often subsides: When sexual passion fades this is when relationships fade. Women are now less dependent on men: Women leave unhappy marriages because wives are now not financially dependent on husbands. Many of today’s marriages are stressful: Most families face the problem of not having enough time or energy for family. Divorce is socially acceptable: Divorce is no longer being discouraged. Legally, a divorce is easier to get: Now divorces are easy to get as long as the couple says the marriage has fail. References Macionis John J., Sociology- (13th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

Diagnosing and Treating Depression Essay -- essays research papers

When someone says the word depression, it causes a great deal of confusion to American people today. Frequently, depression is used to describe when someone is feeling low, miserable, or having ‘gotten out of bed on the wrong side'. However, doctors use the word in two different ways. They can use it to describe the symptom of low mood, or to refer to a specific illness, Depression. Doctors make a diagnosis of depression after assessing the severity of the low mood, other associated symptoms and the duration of the problem. People who have experienced an episode of depression are at risk of developing another in the future. A small amount of people may experience an incidence of depression as part of a type of bipolar disorder, manic depression, which is characterized by episodes of both low and high dispositions. Depression is very common in the United States, occurring in more than five to ten percent of Americans over their lifetime. A â€Å"depressing† statistic is that women are twice more likely to get depression than men. There are no individual personality types that are more at risk than others, yet some risk factors have been identified. These include inherited or genetic factors, such as having parents or grandparents who have endured depression. Some non-genetic factors that can contribute to depression are having a tragedy early on in life such as the death of a parent or close friend. The causes of depression are very obscure and unknown to psychologists. Heredity is a major factor because it leads to the chemical imbalances of the neurotransmitter, Serotonin. Early life experiences like a death may make some people more susceptible. Another cause of depression could be stressful life events, such as losing a job or ... ... of phone numbers that you can call to receive help. Sometimes these are better because you can talk to a real person, even a depression survivor, who can more easily understand your problems. The first is the Yellow Ribbon Suicide Prevention Program whose number is 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433). Another anonymous hotline is the National Depressive & Manic-Depressive Association (800) 826-3632. The National Foundation for Depressive Illness also has a 24/7 hotline: (800) 248-4344. The last hotline is D/ART Depression Awareness, Recognition, and Treatment: (800) 969-6942. Feel free to use any one of these toll free numbers to try and control your, or a friend’s, depression. One book that can help is Frank Minirth’s Freedom From Depression. Overall, depression can lead to many worse things, and the best thing that we can do is identify it early and try to treat it.

Knapps Stage Model Essay

Dear John, the drama-filled romance movie, John Tyree, a young soldier, meets Savannah Curtis, a college student on spring break, and they quickly fall in love. The movie directed by Lasse Hallstrom, adapted from Nicolas Sparks’ novel of the same name. Dear John showcased many aspects of communications in its most simple forms. Including the ten stages of the Knapp Stage Model, which could actually be witnessed throughout the Dear John the movie and the book, as the two main characters, John and Savannah, developed their relationship and as they tried to maintain their relationship. In the Knapp’s Stage Model, Mark Knapp describes the progression and development of relationships as a series of ten stages in two phases: the ‘coming together’, initiation is followed by the experimenting , intensifying, integrating and bonding stages. In the ‘coming apart’, the differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding and terminating stage occurs. The se stages are illustrated in the film Dear John. In the opening scene of Dear John, it was John’s and Savannah’s first time meeting, it was attraction at first sight. During the night scene at the beach, they conversed. I would still think it’s the initiating stage because the content of their conversation. They didn’t ask questions with the intention of knowing more of each other apart from that one question, ‘’When are you going back? † which was rather casual. That will sum up the initiating stage. In the later scene, John asked for a date and Savannah agreed. That means they have both passed each other’s test so there is an experimenting stage. By the way, John actually stayed at the Barbeque till the night when he mentioned that his dad cooked dinner. Why else would one blow off his dad if it isn’t because he likes the girl? Therefore, that supports my stand that they were already attracted to each other at the beach. At the dinner scene, they were started talking about something more personal. They were making small talk. The topic of family and John’s past came in. These topics usually w ouldn’t be brought up at the initiating stage because they’re too personal. I would also like to link to another concept with this scene which is relational needs of openness. If you notice, John wasn’t too comfortable with the talk to the point he asked â€Å"why do you want to know so much?† He would fall under the kind that closed off to other people. His answers were all one-liners, straight to the point with no further explanations. In the next scene, when they were walking towards the wooden house, that was another example of  getting to know each other through talking. This ends off the experimenting stage. They have a fight, but reconcile before John’s leave from the army is over. When john returns to the army, he and Savannah begin long distance relationship through handwritten letters. The first letter was very clear that Savannah loves John. Previously, John actually gave Savannah a note in which the content wasn’t disclosed to the audience till the very end of the movie. The note said â€Å"I love you† which was why Savannah wrote him, that letter was a reply. Those were disclosures of feelings to each other . In that scene, John said â€Å"I made you a promise, didn’t I?† and later, they both agreed to write to each other all the time. She was supposed to wait for him for a year while he was away in Germany. That was a sense of commitment to the relationship. This will summarize the intensifying stage. The fourth stage is integrating. This point is rather straightforward. It’s the turning point whereby the couple announces to their friends and family that they are a couple. In this case, you could see John being introduced to Savannah’s parents. Couples do not always follow strictly to the model. Steps could be jumped or revisited again. Sadly, there was no fifth stage (Bonding – marriage, engagement) for this pair in the movie. Conflicts arise because of different perceptions; it is also illustrated in this movie. There was a fighting scene at the patio and it was because John wanted to extend his tour with the army but Savannah did not want to wait for another two years. So after a long time apart, John and Savannah find themselves drifting apart and resigned to being apart from John, and Savannah sends a ‘Dear John’ letter telling him that she has bec ome engaged to someone else. John finally got a letter from Savannah which she initiated a break up. Break ups are due to many possible factors, in their case, changes, poor communication and unrealistic expectations. Changes referred to the huge changes they went through from the two weeks of summer break together to being thousand miles apart. Next, poor communication, I think this might be the least contributing factor. Even though, letters took weeks or months to reach each other, their letters were filled with words. They told each other everything about their lives so it wasn’t a case of drifting apart. Lastly, it is the factor I think contributed the most probably which is an unrealistic expectation. Long distance relationships are hard enough and a person can only take it for so long. The first year was fine but when  John added two more years onto the pile, it was too hard for Savannah to take. Although John’s and Savannah’s falling out they eventually came together as friends, es pecially when John’s father is on his death bed, John returns home and connects with his father, something he was not able to do before. John then sells his father’s coin collection to fund Savannah’s husband’s cancer treatment. In the last scene of the film, John sees Savannah on the street and they embrace. The movie may not showcase as much details; however it does show the importance of communication in a relationship. For example, Savannah chooses to write a letter to John to break the news of her engagement, instead of calling him, it shows that it is already a sign od avoiding the issue directly. A handwritten letter is a linear form of communication, as John is not given a chance to reply immediately. If you were in John’s position, and you received a similar letter about your partner’s engagement, would you go back home to fight for what you want, or would you be ‘John’, and just bury yourself with work? Hopefully, now you have a better understanding of the Knapp’s model and see how it fits into every relationship!

Alving in Search for Freedom Essay

Henrik Ibsen’s works are dealing with the well kept secrets and dogmas in society. His plays strip away the defending layers of the established ethical and moral virtues of social life and therefore create a great commotion and distress among the general public. Ibsen’s radical exposure of highly tabooed themes such as sexually transmitted diseases, euthanasia, incest, dysfunctional marriages, and the â€Å"angel of the house† role of women causes the painful response of the spectators facing the brightness of the truth. Prof. Bjorn Hemmer in his â€Å"The Dramatist Henrik Ibsen† laconically summarizes the magnitude of Ibsen’s impact on modern theatre and social conventions: â€Å"However, drama was the focus of his real lyrical spirit. For a period of many hard years, he faced bitter opposition. But he finally triumphed over the conservatism and aesthetic prejudices of the contemporary critics and audiences. More than anyone, he gave theatrical art a new vitality by bringing into European bourgeois drama an ethical gravity, a psychological depth, and a social significance which the theatre had lacked since the days of Shakespeare. In this manner, Ibsen strongly contributed to giving European drama a vitality and artistic quality comparable to the ancient Greek tragedies.† â€Å"Hedda Gabler† and â€Å"Ghosts† are the two plays this essay will focus on and especially on the importance for the two protagonists-Hedda Gabler and Mrs. Alving- to defeat social constraints according to which they have structured their lives. The great dramatist Ibsen masterfully reveals the disastrous consequences on his heroines’ psyches and souls this social canon of conformity inflicts. Through the subtle play of light, language and stage position, Ibsen reinforces the tragic circumstance in which Hedda and Mrs. Alving exist, the mundane lamp and living-room furniture encapsulate the deep tragedy of human beings and simultaneously show Ibsen’s naturalistic talent in portraying life. In â€Å"Hedda Gabler† the movement of the protagonist’s own pieces of furniture in the front and back room are emphasizing and helping even the spectator to anticipate her following action. Hedda Gabler is the daughter of General Gabler, who bequeathed her no financial independence, but a pair of dueling pistols and anachronistic, severely strict military aristocratic code of behaviour and is newly married to the historian George Tesman, whom she neither loves nor respect. She is conscious of her total dependency on the very reliable Tesman and this acknowledgement tears apart her being with rage and helplessness. In order to be able to continue living under these circumstances Hedda viciously emphasizes her intellectual and rank superiority over Tesman and his ever-sacrificing Aunt Julia and hurts them through her highly sarcastic language. She denies in her mind falling into the frame of the assigned female societal role and therefore slips fully into the indulgence of nothingness and boredom. This state could have remained for ever unchanged until the abrupt reintroduction of her former platonic lover Lovborg who becomes what before seemed to Hedda â€Å"impossible†, i.e. â€Å"†¦some goal in life to work toward.†2 Ibsen confronts her with the reformed alcoholic and genius Eilert Lovborg and throws her back in the idyllic past of General Gabler reading a newspaper and her experiencing the â€Å"forbidden world† through the wild and seductive stories of young routhen Lovborg on the sofa behind him. Lovborg is back on his feet fighting for a clean starting in life and writing books that are a tremendous success. But Hedda is not the inspiring power at Lovborg’s site anymore and that makes her extremely jealous of the woman who has such a positive power on him at the moment Mrs. Thea Elvsted and who is ironically a former flame of her husband. Hedda Gabler’s personality is a very complex mixture of the severely installed in her being notions of correct behaviour in social aspect of rank and class belonging and the fully suppressed personal creative potential. Hedda is lamed with fear; her whole existence is driven not by the positive force of creating, but the devastating nihilistic grip of fear and conventions of society. In order to contradict this haunting power of correctness and properness Hedda searches through Lovborg life experiences to live out her inborn human desires for creative fulfillment. But Hedda is a woman of good standing, she cannot do as she pleases, she can do as she pleases solely within the framework of the norms prescribed by public opinion. Lovborg is only a feeble opportunity for her to show her creativity, because the fear of a scandal creeps in and Hedda’s creative potential and suppressed sexuality are distorted into a storm of malevolence.

Brutus Is A Honorable Man

Brutus Is A Honorable Man In Shakespeare's play of "Caesar" Brutus is a conspirator who portraysa person who favors a republic for Rome. Brutus is an honorable man. Manycharacters in the play show there reverence for Brutus. Brutus exemplifieshis honor in many ways. Brutus is obsequious when he is needed to abet hisfellow romans. Brutus is an honorable man. "Am I entreated to Speak and Strike? ORome I make thee promise, If the redress will follow, then receivest thyfull petition at the hand of Brutus" (Shakespeare 397). Brutus will obey towhatever the romans convey to him. Consequently, Brutus joins theconspiracy inorder to help the romans rid rome of Caesar. Brutus alsounderstands that he is putting it all on the line for his romans, thereforeBrutus is an honorable man. Brutus is a scrupulous man, whose virtues endure. "No not an oath, Ifnot by the face of men, the sufferance of our souls, the time's abuse-Ifthese motives be weak, break off betimes, and every men hence to his idlebed; So let high sighted tyr anny rage on, till each man drop by lottery"(Shakespeare 399).BrutusBrutus said that if the conspirators do not join for acommon cause, then there is no need for an oath because the conspiratorsare self-righteous, and they are serving the romans. If the conspiratorsdon't bind together, then each man will go his own way, become a weakling,and die when it suits the tyrants caprice. Brutus is advocates peace,freedom and liberty, for all romans, which shows that Brutus is analtruistic as well as an honorable man. Brutus also had a compassion for Caesar when he had killed Caesar. "Ifthen that a friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is myanswer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more"(Shakespeare 421). Brutus had honored Caesar but Brutus felt that Caesarwas to...

List of Thesis Topics in Gerontology for Your Biology, Anthropology and Sociology Classes

List of Thesis Topics in Gerontology for Your Biology, Anthropology and Sociology Classes List of Thesis Topics in Gerontology for Your Biology, Anthropology and Sociology Classes Gerontology is a science that interlaces with many other disciplines like biology, sociology, anthropology, psychology, politics, etc. It is a field of studies that explores the process of aging. The most important aspects of this science are monitoring and studying the physical changes of people growing old, their mental alterations or adjustments in their social lives. While you may not study gerontology as your major or even secondary course, it can become a good topic for a thesis paper within your biology, anthropology or sociology class due to their tight connection with the science of aging. Why should you consider writing an academic paper within this discipline? Because lately the number of elderly has been rapidly increasing, and it means that in the nearest future the demand for gerontologists will grow. The experts predict that by 2050 every fifth person on the planet will be 60 years old. These people will need a special approach to being cared for, treating their mental as well as physical diseases and being a member of modern society. This is an extremely interesting field, that’s why we’ve put together a list of thesis topics in gerontology. By writing an academic piece on one of them, you will understand whether the science of aging sparks your interest or not. 2017 Discoveries on Aged Brain: the Biological Base of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Age Discrimination at Work and How Americans Fight It The Psychological Problems of Middle-Aged Men How Elderlies Cope with Rapidly Growing Technologies The Difference in Male and Female Sexuality in the Process of Aging What Is Successful Aging in the 21st Century? Middle-Aged Women with High Income: Motivations and Inspirations Sandwich Generation: Current Numbers and Future Prospects Older People Abuse and How the Law Protects the Elderly The Overview of the Elderly Care in the American Society: Special Facilities, Support Systems, Personnel Training, etc. The Early Wearing of the Body and How It Can Be Prevented The Possibility of Eliminating Aging on the Genetic Level How the Damaged DNA Correlates with Growing Old Cross-Cultural Communication Aspects of the Elderly Different Methods for Treating the Geriatric Depression The Connection between Depression and Health Decline within the Older Generation The Pitfall of the American Retirement System and the Consequences of it for the Elderly Education Opportunities for Older Generation in 2017-2018 Social Work in Gerontology: the Biggest Challenges of Choosing the Right Approach How Europe Is Preparing for the Rapid Growth of Elderly Take these topics and brainstorm the title for your thesis paper that will really appeal to your interests and preferences. Writing on gerontology might become a challenging, but exciting experience as you may discover truths valuable not only for you academic paper but for communicating and living with the elderly in general. So, go ahead and write the thesis that will impress the professor and yourself as well. Otherwise you can order a custom thesis at our website.

Finance Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance Project - Research Paper Example Despite such universal nature of the banking, there are still key differences between the banking systems of the world. Banking in Switzerland is considered as one of the most sophisticated and neutral banking systems in the world. Due to the overall protection and security offered to the customers under the Swiss laws, Swiss banks have proved one of the most preferred destinations for the global funds. US banking system on the other hand is regulated both at the State and Federal level and is considered as one of the most transparent and opens banking systems in the world. US banking system are relatively different from the Swiss banking system because of the overall nature of the regulations as well as the essential nature and characteristics of the system. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between the US and Swiss banking system. Swiss Banking System Swiss Banking system is one of the oldest banking systems in the world and is famous for keeping the secrecy of its clients intact. Thus till now one of the prominent features of banking system in Switzerland is its ability to keep the identity of its customers as secret under the laws. This element of the banking system however, has its roots in the first part of the 20th century when in order to protect the money of German Jews from Nazis. Apart from this, its constitutional requirement that the individual liberty and privacy of the individuals to be kept according to the wishes of the individuals. Thus the overall notion of secrecy within the banking system of the country is exactly according to the laid down constitutional requirements of the country. It is also because of this reason that Swiss Banks issue numbered accounts thus protecting the names of the individuals and as per law all the bankers are required to remain silent about their customers. Thus one of the critical aspects of the Swiss Banking system is the issuance of the numbered accounts to the account holders in order to protect their secrecy and privacy. (Gumbel) Another important feature of Swiss banking is its ability to offer the universal banking services- a concept which was adapted little late by other countries including US. Under the universal banking services, Swiss banks offer almost all the services to their customers besides offering the traditional secrecy and protection to the customers. Universal banking services included services which are not only traditional like deposits as well as lending but also include other services such as investment advice, insurance as well as financial planning services, asset management services as well as other allied services.1 Though the universal banking services have now been adapted by most of the countries however, Swiss banks pioneered in developing the universal banking services in the world. Unlike other countries, Banks in Switzerland are not directly controlled by the central bank of the country. However, most of the banks in the country ar e regulated and controlled through Swiss Financial Market Supervisory authority which is a separate authority from the central bank of the country. It is also important to note that the Swiss banking system is also famous for its overall lending techniques and the quality of the loans. Swiss banks are considered as soundest banks in the world due to their overall practices and the way they lend to their borrowers.

US Economy with Mexican Immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

US Economy with Mexican Immigrants - Essay Example It is estimated that the country’s nominal GDP was nearly $14.7 trillion in 2010 and this figure constitutes almost a quarter of global nominal GDP. A high level of output per capita is another prominent feature of the US economy. The US economy normally maintains a stable GDP growth rate and a low unemployment rate. Approximately 30% of the world’s millionaire population resides in the United States. Over the last decade, Mexican immigration to the United States has increased considerably. In contrast, as compared to non-Mexicans, Mexican immigrants get citizenship and employment in the United States at a slower rate. Many hold the view that Mexican migration to the United States has adversely affected the working conditions of lower-skilled workers who had already resided in the country. Immigration history Borjas reflects that the number of legal immigrants permitted in the United States increased notably from 2.5 million in 1950s to 9.1 million in the 1990s during the past few decades; and at the same time, there was also a considerable increase in the volume of illegal immigrant population in the United States (2). The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) 1986 was a milestone in the US immigration history as it granted amnesty to roughly three million illegal immigrants present i n the nation. According to Borjas, the size of illegal immigrant population in the United States rose to 5 million by 1996 and eventually to 10.3 million by 2004 despite higher levels of border enforcement (2). The marked increase in the size of immigrant population over the past few decades can be directly attributed to the US immigration policy changes. Mexican population also played a crucial role in raising the size of the immigrant population in the United States. Studies show that there was an average of 30,000 legal Mexican immigrants migrated to US each year during 1950s and this figure represented 12 percent of the immigration flow. In the beginning of 1990s, the average number of legal Mexicans immigrants to the United States increased to 225,000; this population size constituted 25 percent of US immigration flow. The illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States also largely increased during this period. In 2004, the population of Mexican-born persons illegally residing in the United States constituted 57 percent of the total illegal population in US that time. In addition, data indicated that around 400,000 Mexican immigrants (both legal and illegal) entered the United States each year during the 1990s (Borjas, 2007,). Policy changes According to Borjas, Mexican immigrant workers dominated agriculture and many nonagricultural sectors in the United States. Approximately, immigrant workers from Mexico constituted 3.5 percent of US labor force. A study conducted by the National Agricultural Worker Survey (NAWS) reflects that 77 percent of the US farmworkers were Mexican-born during the period 1997-1998 (Borjas, 269). This situation affected the United States since the increased immigration from Mexico threatened the livelihood of US native workers. Hence, in order to prevent the increased immigration flow from Mexico, the US government brought certain immigration policy changes. Mainly, US government passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) in order to regulate the growing size of illegal immigrants to the country especially from Mexico. As per the provisions of the Act, the government would legalize the illegal immigration before 1st January 1982 and offer

Pilot Fatigue and Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pilot Fatigue and Stress - Essay Example In order to reduce the impacts of these problems, an Aviation Safety Program is developed from the perspective of an airline operator, with a great emphasis on how to successfully implement the safety program. The discussion about pilot fatigue and stress is as old as aviation itself. This problem has been given a serious consideration because of the monumental destruction it could cause. Some of the deadly plane crashes recorded in the history of aviation were as a result of the pilots losing concentration on their jobs, which is one of the characteristics of pilot fatigue and stress (Ragan 33). Therefore, to save lives and protect their businesses, airline operators have been working hard to fashion out an efficient safety strategy that would give confidence to their airlines in the eyes of the passengers (Ragan 21). Many studies have been carried out and different safety programs have been implemented. But the question still remains: what is the best approach to completely curb the menace of pilot fatigue and stress? Hawkins (49) analyzed three main kinds of pilot fatigue and stress: though they appear not separable from one another, since it is practically difficult to identify which of the fatigue is currently affecting a pilot’s performance at a particular period. These are muscular, mental and skill fatigue. As its name implied, muscular fatigue arises from over-exertion of physical power, which might cause serious pain in both arms’ and legs’ muscles. But this kind of fatigue could easily be cured by taking some rest or/and by application of balm. Mental fatigue occurs as a result of mental stress from to much brainstorming and exhaustion, while skill fatigue is defined as a gradual decline in performance owning to the pressure from a work that constantly requires concentration and high level of skill (Hawkins 49). If not handled properly, both mental and skill fatigue could lead to nervous breakdown; and