Can Calcium Help with Weight Loss and Maintenance?

Can Calcium Help with Weight Loss and Maintenance? As we all know, calcium plays an important role in the protection and production of the bodys teeth and bones. An important question, we as nutritionists are wondering is, can calcium help with weight maintenance, weight loss, and obesity? We looked at several studies based on this question. The first study looked at the effects of weight, loss of a high-calcium energy, reduced diet on the biomarkers of inflammatory stress, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function in obese subjects. There were 35 subjects who lost at least 3% of initial body weight involved in this study. The study lasted a total of 16 weeks. The subjects were split up into two groups. One group was the high-calcium diet (HCD) group and the other was the low-calcium diet (LCD) group (Torres, M. R. S. G., and Sanjuliani, A. F., 2013). The HCD group was measured in a calcium intake of 1,200 1,300 mg/day, whereas the LCD group was measured in a calcium intake of less than 500 mg/day. Both on the diets followed the same intake for protein (22%), fat (28%), carbohydrates (50%), and 19 grams of fiber. The only difference in the diets was the HCD group received 60 grams/day of a non-fat powdered milk. The results indicated that those on the HCD had a greater reduction in the waist to hip ratio and waist circumfe rence. Both groups had similar reductions in the biomarkers. Therefore, an HCD helped to reduce waist circumference, but had no benefit in the biomarkers of inflammation, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function. According to this study, there seems to be a need for further research on the effectiveness of increased calcium in the diet and its correlation to weight loss and weight management (Torres, M. R. S. G., and Sanjuliani, A. F., 2013). Calcium plays a major role in accelerating fat and weight loss, especially in overweight and obese adults with calcium deficiency (Zhu et al., 2013). The authors of this second study looked at calcium and vitamin D supplements among overweight and obese college students to prevent fat storage and improve metabolic functions. In their randomized control study, 53 adults participated in the study and they were assigned 600 milligrams of calcium with 125 IU of vitamin D. The study was 12 weeks long to determine the effectiveness of supplementation in weight management, and involved a control group. The results showed that the calcium and vitamin D group had a decreased body fat and visceral fat level, but no changes in weight when compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the weight loss program can motivate adults to lose body fat along with further restrictions. It seems that further research is needed to address the dosage of calcium and vitamin D supplements in prom oting weight management among adults (Zhu et al., 2013). A systematic review conducted by Onakpoya, Perry, Zhang and Ernst (2011) looked at calcium supplementation as it relates to weight loss. Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate are commonly used dietary supplements and may influence weight loss. The investigators electronically searched for randomized, double-blind, placebo control studies in their review. A total of 729 participants could be included in this review. A forest plot of the seven main randomized control trials used in this review demonstrated that a small, significantly greater reduction in body fat was associated with calcium as it was compared with a placebo (Onakpoya, Perry, Zhang, Ernst, 2011). The researchers determined that the effect of calcium supplementation is small and not clinically relevant because less than 5% of total body weight at baseline was lost with calcium supplementation (Onakpoya Perry, Zhang, Ernst, 2011). This review shows that calcium supplementation for at least six months can have a small effe ct on weight loss, however, the researchers warn that the information obtained from the studies may not be completely accurate. The good news is, no adverse effects from calcium supplementation were reported in any of the randomized control trials (Onakpoya, Perry, Zhang, Ernst, 2011). It appears supplementing with calcium at recommended dietary intakes may help in weight loss but it is not a miracle drug. According to the three articles mentioned above, calcium does not seem to be a significant factor in weight loss and management. In the studies, there was often less than a 5% reduction in body weight, leading to the insignificance of a higher calcium diet. Further research needs to be conducted in order to better understand if a higher calcium diet is important in weight management. References Onakpoya, I.J., Perry, R., Zhang, J., Ernst, E. (2011). Efficacy of calcium supplementation for management of overweight and obesity: systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition Reviews. 69, 335-343. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21631515 Torres, M. R. S. G., and Sanjuliani, A. F., 2013. Effects of weight loss from a high-calcium energy reduced diet on biomarkers of inflammatory stress, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function in obese subjects. Nutrition Journal. 29. 143-151. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23010419 Zhu, W., Cai, D., Wang, Y., Lin, N., Hu, Q., Qi, Y., †¦ Amarasekara, S. (2013). Calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation facilitated Fat loss in overweight and obese college students with very- low calcium consumption: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal, 12, 8. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599592/

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

When I think of graduating from college, I see someone who is 22-years old. When I was 22 years old, I had seen more things than I care to remember. I had just left the Air Force where I was a medic in the first Gulf War. I spent most of my time in the Labor and Delivery unit of the base hospital. I loved assisting with the birth of a child. My time spent in the Labor and Delivery unit was the most wonderful and rewarding experience. Before I left the Air Force, I started taking college courses working toward a bachelor’s degree in Nursing. My dream was to obtain a Master of Nursing degree in Midwifery. As a Certified Nurse Midwife I could care for pregnant women and help them bring their babies into this world. Complete My Degree When I left the military and returned to Austin, I continued to pursue a Nursing degree, but got side-tracked in college life. That would be the party side of college life. I was not focused on my studies. I began a rewarding career by chance. I sold long distance telephone service for MCI as a part-time job. Over a very short period of time I was being promoted again and again. Eventually, I gave up on college since it did not seem I needed a degree to get ahead. While I learned a great deal through on-the-job training, I never felt like I had a complete understanding of my field. I had stumbled into a career in Information Technology and despite my lack of formal training, I continued to prove myself and to grow my career. I have since learned that I enjoy the Information Technology field very much and would like to complete my degree in Business/Information Systems rather than nursing. Learn About Business and Information Technology Despite my progression to a senior level in my field, there are still aspects of my field that I do not fully understand. I have excelled as a Business Systems Analyst for many years; however, I hope to learn more about business to help me better understand the needs of my business partners. I also hope to learn more about the many facets of Information Technology so I can begin to move toward strategic solutions development. Feel Better About Myself I have always felt terrible about leaving college. I believe it was the right thing to do at the time since I was not taking it seriously but I have always regretted quitting.

How Google Changed the Internet

How Google Changed the Internet Trying to find something on the internet used to be a challenge many years ago, today Google dominates the search engine world. Google has changed not only the way the United States uses the internet, but also how the world does. The search engine market on the internet is competitive; Google leads the way with the most accurate search results, and other online tools for users to use (Alexa). Google allow users not only to search but to organize their life, find directions, and share content with other users. Google didn’t begin as Google.Founders Larry Page and Sergey met at Stanford University (Stross). Sergey was assigned to show Larry around the school, according to some reports the two disagreed on almost everything. The two reconvened in 1996, and began their first search engine, â€Å"BackRub. † The search engine become very popular and within a year outgrew the servers at Stanford (Stross). The two decided BackRub needed a new nam e, and a new location that could handle the demand. Brainstorming came up with the name Google, a play on the word googol a term for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.The word was chosen because it reflects the mission to organize an infinite amount of information on the web (Corporate Information-Google Milestones). In 1998, Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a check for $100,000 to the new company. The new workspace location is set up in the garage of Susan Wojciki’s Melon Park, California home. Later Google filed for incorporation in California and were granted it. They then set up a bank account with the new name and deposited the check. Eventually Google moved to its current location at 1600 Ampatheater parkway.At this point Google has more than 800 employees (Corporate Information-Google Milestones). Google is the most popular search provider in the United States. In 2007 google. com became the most visited website surpassing Microsoft. com (Alexa). Goo gle. com is the most visited site in the U. S. (Alexa). The term â€Å"Google it† has become very popular in the language of an average American (Stross) Google isn’t just the most used search provider in the U. S. but also in the world (Stross) Google. com is available in 28 languages, allowing users from all over the world to search in a language that is comfortable to them(Google Support).Not every country provides all that Google Search has to offer. For example China strictly blocks the regular google. com because they can not control the results of a search done on that website. The only way Chinese people are able to search Google is by visiting Chinese Google google. cn. The Chinese government has the ability to filter search results (Wauters). Other countries have also blocked Google; a popular one that has recently been in the news is Iran (Finkle). Countries block Google so that their citizens won’t have free access to information that is not filtered by the government.Google is most widely popular for their search feature. Their products list is very vast, offering services for the consumer and business. On the consumer side of products Google offers a very long list. The most popular being iGoogle, YouTube, Google Calendar, Google Sync, G-mail, and the list goes on. On the business side of thing Google offers companies AdWords, Google search appliance, and Google custom search. iGoogle allows users to create customized homepages. Users can add gadgets that come in all shapes and sizes.For example a user could add their Gmail, CNN News, and Weather to their page and get all that information at once without having to leave to go to all the individual websites (Google Support). YouTube wasn’t created by Google, it was acquired. On October 9th 2006 Google announced its plans to acquire You Tube for $1. 65 billion (Google Press Center). YouTube is a video sharing website that allows users to upload videos, leave comments, an d create video responses. YouTube is the third most visited website in the U. S. (Alexa). Google Calendar allows users to virtually create a calendar in the format that most people are familiar too.Users are able to invite other users to view their calendar and vies-versa. SMS text messaging can also be set up so that a text message is sent out before an event on the calendar to remind the user (Google Support). Google Sync allows users to sync everything that is Google to their wireless device. This allows users to be able to have make changes on either device and appear on both, without ever having to plug their device into their computer (Google Support). G-mail is Google’s approach at web based e-mail. The layout is very minimalistic, and also allows users to customize their inbox page.The site is ad supported by a small text ad at the top of the page, unlike many other free e-mail providers G-mail does not place a ad at the footers of the users sent e-mail. Each user is given up to one gigabyte of free storage, virtually making it so users do not have to delete anything if they don’t want to (Google Support). Google isn’t just all about marketing to consumers, but also to business of all sizes with a wide variety of products for business customers. The most popular product is Google AdWords(Stross). AdWords allows business to create all sorts of ads for their business.The ads can vary from just text, text and picture, or full sized color ads. The ads are displayed on all sorts of Google services, the most popular is in search results, the ad would appear first if it had something to do with what the user was searching for. AdWords is a very cost effective way for business to promote online because it is pay for click, the business is only charged when their ad is clicked on (Google Business Solutions). The other very popular for business customers from Google is called Google search appliance (Stross).The search appliance is a device that companies can connect to their network, the appliances then searches and indexes all files on the network making them easier to find. Users of the network can then just type in what they are looking for, and get instant results. The search appliance can be customized to fit business on the small to extremely large scale (Google Business Solutions). Google is not just available on the web, but also on the go. Google offers a large variety of products for the mobile users. The most popular are Google mobile, Android mobile operating system and Google Maps for mobile.Google mobile allows users to quickly search for information using their phones. A full range of the Google family of products are available in the mobile addition, users simply point their mobile internet browser to google. com and Google recognizes that the request is coming from a mobile phone and automatically converts into the mobile version of Google (Google Support). If mobile users do not have access to the in ternet on their phone Google provides a short text number that users can send text messages to. Users simply text what they are looking for and Google text them back with the search results (Google Support).Google Android is an operating system for mobile phones. It is more typically referred to just as Android. The operating system allows open development allowing users to fully customize their phones and to create application. Users can also  purchase thousands of applications from the Android market to continue to customize their phone. Basic Google products come pre-installed on the phone (Google Support). Google maps for mobile allows mobile internet users to pull up full colored maps and driving directions (Google Support). Users on the go can quickly pull up directions if they become lost or searching for something along their route.Users can also utilize street view on their mobile phones allowing users to see what something look likes as if they were even there (Google Su pport). The future looks good for Google. As the largest search provider in America what does this company have up its sleeve for the future? Google believes that the United States doesn’t have fast enough internet service compared to other developed countries in the world. Their latest project is to link all of the country together using fiber optic cable to create blazing fast internet. Many people have split views on these issues.Ben Scott says â€Å"Google is showing the government that we can have super-fast opened broadband. † According to Scott Cleland â€Å"this is mainly a P. R. stunt†. Google’s ultimate mission is to link rural areas with the large metropolitan community. Google plans to start testing this service later this year; the specific test markets have not been released (Helft). Overall Google is a vital part of the online community. Finding information on the internet is no longer a chore. Google truly has changed the way America searc hes, but also around the world.In the coming years Google will most likely launch new products that will continue to allow it’s users to organize their life, find information, get directions, and share with other users.Works Cited Alexa. Amazon, 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. â€Å"Corporate Information-Google Milestones. † google. com. N. p. , 2010. Web. 18 Feb. 2010. Finkle, Jim, and Ian Sherr. â€Å"Q + A-How can Iran block Google? † Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 11 Feb. 210. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. â€Å"Google Business Solutions. † Google. N. p. , 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. Google Support . Google, 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. <http://google. com/? support>. Google To Acquire YouTube for $1. 5 Billion in Stock. N. p. : n. p. , 9 Oct. 2006. N. pag. Google Press Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2010. Helft, Miguel. â€Å"Google to Offer Superfast Net Service . † New York TImes 10 Feb. 2010: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 24 Feb. 2010. Jarvis, Jeff. â€Å"The United Sta tes of Google. † Business Week. Business Week, n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2010. Strickland, Jonathan. â€Å"How Google Works. † How Stuff Works. How Stuff Works, 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Stross, Randall. Planet Google. New York: Free Press, 2008. Print. Wauters, Robin. â€Å"Censorship 2. 0. † Tech Crunch. N. p. , 24 June 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. YouTube. Google, 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2010.

The Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1294 Words

The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines homosexuality as being â€Å"sexually attracted to people of the same sex â€Å", which would of course mean that marriage of homosexual couples would not involve someone of both genders. Many people believe that being homosexual or even bisexual is merely a choice and that they could change at any time, but it is just as much as a choice as being heterosexual is. The legalization of same-sex marriage is a good thing for the United States, for many reasons, such as economic boosts, and even just the basic principality of equality. The United States believes that it is a place of freedoms and liberties, but if that is so, why are we one of the last Western countries to legalize it? The Legalization Protected by the Constitution Less than a third of states had banned same-sex marriage before the Supreme Court overruled those bans, and in over half of the states where it was legalized it was because of court cases that ruled that it was unconstitutional to denyShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitateRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LG BTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage2317 Words   |  10 PagesCavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movementRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before maki ng the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marryRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 PagesTHE LEGALIZATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE AS ASSESED BY CITH M STUDENTS S.Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of International Tourism And Hospitality Management LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism By Ang, Dianne Marie M. Bayot, Donalynne B. October 2011 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION    In our generation today, homosexuals

Hmpyc80 Research Methodology - 3369 Words

HMPYC80 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TOPIC 1 STATISTICS Hypothesis testing Variables (Tut 104 p 165) Sampling Distribution of the mean GROUPS DESIGN T Test- difference between the means of 2 groups (BG p.147) Dependent and Independent samples (tc and td) One-way analysis of variance (The F test uses variance as an index for the difference between two or more means.) (BG p. 174) Factorial Analysis of Variance (BG p.180) TOPIC 2 CORRELATIONAL DESIGN Correlation coefficient (BG p. 208) Regression analysis, testing Beta (BG p.221) Prediction and regression analysis (BG p. 235) Multiple regression analysis (BG p.245) TOPIC 3 FACTOR ANALYISIS (BG p. 268) Latent and manifest variable TOPIC 4 RESEARCH PROPOSAL REVIEW Qualitative analysis (Tut 104 p101)†¦show more content†¦However, the guidelines do not guarantee that your research will be ethical - you still have to pay close attention to any ethical issue that my crop up in your research project. Always make sure that you are knowledgeable about ethical guidelines. Paradigms Positivist, interpretive and constructionist paradigm Positivist: numerical, quantitative data Interpretive: insight into subjective world , identify common themes Constructionist: how is the social world constructed, discourse analysis Ontology, epistemology and methodology Each research paradigm has a particular ontology, epistemology and methodology. Ontology refers to researchers’ assumptions about the nature of the social world, for example, positivist researchers tend to assume that the social world operates in a predictable, law-like manner analogous to the physical world. Epistemology refers to researchers’ assumptions about how to gain knowledge about the social world, for example positivist researchers assume that one should measure social phenomena objectively. Methodology refers to the actual procedures used by researchers, for example positivist researchers frequently collect data by means of objective tests and questionnaires and analyse these using statis tical techniques. The tableShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Training on Adolescent Self-Awareness and the Reduction of Anxiety, Depression and Stress.2411 Words   |  10 PagesRESEARCH METHODOLOGY HMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HMPYC80 ASSIGNMENT 02-03 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF MINDFULNESS BASED STRESS REDUCTION TRAINING ON ADOLESCENT SELF-AWARENESS AND THE REDUCTION OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS. AUTHOR: 5888743 Mr P Smith The ANIKARead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesPsychology The Course Leader: HMPYC80 University of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for

Police Officers And The Police Officer - 2134 Words

Strong, courageous, heroic, all words that we hear and use to describe what comes to mind when we think of â€Å"Police Officers.† In elementary school, the most common question students would be asked was â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up,† and the most common response would be in return, â€Å"a police officer.† Sadly now, most are rethinking this occupational choice. The authority that most cops these days believe they have is over the top; they think that they can take advantage of everything and everybody simply by the power of their badge. Police officers need to have more discipline instead of using their supremacy for brutality; there can be many things done to prevent this prevalent issue of police officers ruthlessness and we need to start taking action now. In our world today, police officers aren’t thought of as â€Å"heroes† anymore and that is a problem. Police officers are the people we rely on to keep us safe, enfor ce the laws of the community, and people we can count on whenever there is an issue; but now fear may become a factor next time we are in danger and pick up the phone to call for help. In tense situations, there are times when police are called on to make quick decisions in difficult circumstances in order to protect their own safety and that of innocent bystanders. However, in any situation where aggressive police behavior raises questions about the appropriateness of the reaction, it is important to investigate the accusations promptly andShow MoreRelatedPolice Officers And The Police Officer1381 Words   |  6 Pageswhite, and blue in America represents freedom. When a police officer approaches a civilian in today’s times, those colors mean the absolute worst. With recent police mischief including shootings, red, white, and blue could mean absolute panic. Americans today feel as if there is a war with police officers. 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Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control. Answer: Introduction: Communicable diseases are persistently a fundamental public health priority both in Australia and the globe at large. Among the most pressing of such communicable diseases is Ebola. Just as a serious illness, Ebola is caused by Ebola virus that brings about acute and serious illnesses and harms to the human body if not treated(Crawford, 2015). The disease was first noticed in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks one in the Democratic Republic of Congo and another in South Sudan. The worst outbreak in West Africa was experienced between 2014 and 2016 in which there was a complex outbreak of Ebola. This outbreak recorded the highest number of cases and deaths since it was first noticed in 1976. Ebola is a deadly illness that is mostly characterized by internal and external bleeding of body parts, fever, body aches and diarrhea caused by a virus that damages the bodys immune system. It causes blood-clotting cells to drop because it ultimately weakens the immune system of the body. There have not been any reported cases of Ebola virus among the citizens of Australia or among Australian animals. But even with this, the government of Australia has been careful enough and taken the most appropriate precautions to ensure the security and safety of the Australia people(Webber, 2009). The Australian government recognizes the social and economic situation and the critical medical conditions that West African countries had to bear when they were affected by the virus. In a bid to protect her citizens, the government of Australia performs screening her citizens to protect the health of the country at large(Lederberg, 2012). In Australia and Internationally Ebola are transmitted through human to human contact through broken skin, mucous or saliva membranes(Richards, 2016). When the blood secretions, organs and bodily fluids that are infected come to contact there is a high possibility of transmission. Contaminated surfaces and materials like bedding and clothing also promote the transmission. It is believed that Ebola viruses are naturally hosted in fruit bats with the highest levels of outbreaks being recorded among other species as monkeys, forest antelope, gorillas, and chimpanzees. It is introduced into the human population via close contact with the organs, blood or any other bodily fluids of the infected animal whether dead or alive. Hence routes of transmission mainly include skin and other external commonly used materials like cutting blades and sheets. The virus can be spread from an individual to another through body fluids among them waste products and blood. It is also spread sexually when semen of a man who has recovered from Ebola has sex with a woman or even orally(Stanhope, 2015). The risk factors of contracting Ebola is very low in most people with all the cases of death or illness found to have occurred in Africa except for a laboratory contamination that took place in England and Russia. The risk of contracting this infectious disease is increased whenever people travels to or live in African countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Among those at the highest risks include; Healthcare workers and family members who could be taking care of a person infected with Ebola(Atherstone, 2014) Animal researchers doing direct handling of rodent, bat or primates from a region where Ebola virus outbreak has been experienced Laboratory personnel handling bodily fluids or specimen from patients with Ebola virus People taking part in funeral rites in which there is direct contact or exposure to the remains of human in a region where the disease outbreak is evident(Bouzid, 2016). There are identified five types of Ebola out of which four have been found to cause diseases in humans. The types of Ebola include; Zaire ebolavirus Suda ebolavirus Tai Forest ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus which does not cause disease in human beings Till this date, the natural harbor of Ebola virus has not been established. This then translates that the way in which the virus first appears in a human being is unknown. It is believed that the first patient becomes infected by an already infected animal. The first patient gets infected when in contact with animals such as a fruit bat or primate, apes, and monkeys. This is called spillover event. Person to Person transmission follows and can lead to large numbers of affected persons. In some previous Ebola outbreaks, primates also were affected by Ebola and multiple spillover events occurred when people touched or ate infected primates(guides, 2014). Ebola virus, just like any other viruses is acellular and obligate and requires a host in order to be biologically active. The virus has the ability to survive while outside the body of the host even though at reduced survival levels. Once the virus manages to get into the body of the host, it receptor will be attached to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane and upon the attachment, the genome of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host. The pathonogecity of the virus is increased as the virus mutates and divided between the hosts. Due to the presence of glycoproteins, Ebola virus is found to be very effective in infecting the host(Evans, 2016). The glycoproteins bind to the specific receptor of the host when exposed to the environment. They are an integral part in facilitating the communication between other cells in the host and the outside environment(Stanhope, 2015). Most of the envelope viruses like Ebola virus are found in abundance in sheds of animal waste as such environments enable the virus to persevere the environment outside the body of the host. Such persistence increases the chances of reoccurrence of the virus and thereby increasing the chances of infection among human beings. This leaves the human population with the task of ensuring proper management and taking care of the environment as a strategy in the prevention of the outbreak of Ebola(Pray, 2016). Poor sanitation is a major health issue in Africa thereby exposing African countries to the aftermath of the survival of Ebola virus(Crawford, 2015). The virus can easily be transmitted from one person to another by the contamination of water by either fecal containing wastes or any other virus containing wastes. The scarcity of food is yet another environmental factor that increases the chances of contracting Ebola virus. In the process of hunting animals for food, people come into contact with infected animals. Still, malnutrition is yet another factor for the cause of the disease in Africa. Lack of the nutrients required by the body leads to psychological suffering among the population thereby inhibiting the ability of the body to adequately respond to the environment thereby increasing the vulnerability(Nelson, 2014). Besides the mentioned human factors, scientists have found out that filo viruses for example Ebola thrive well in the tropical regions of Africa an most specifically in the humid rainforests. This is the same cases experienced in the Philippines which have relatively the same seasons and temperature changes as the tropical regions of Africa. Ebola is not spread through air, water or in general by food. Mosquitoes and other insects likewise do not spread Ebola virus. In Africa, it spreads mostly through handling bush meat got from hunting common game animals like wild pigs(Preston, 2010). Other areas have registered exotic and unusual pets such as monkeys, apes or pigs as having high risks of being infected and shedding Ebola virus if they are exposed to the virus. Hence pets do transmit Ebola virus, however, it is not yet confirmed whether pet body fur can transmit Ebola virus. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that public health officials in collaboration with a veterinarian evaluate the pets risk of exposure to the virus; close contact or exposure to blood or body fluids of an Ebola patient(Pray, 2016). Based on this evaluation as well as the specific situation, local and state human and animal health officials will determine how the pet should be handled because currently there are no routine tests for Ebola available for pests. Pigs are the only animals currently very highly susceptible to any Ebola virus. Pigs have been found to be naturally infected with the Reston virus which is a constituent species of the Ebola virus that, however, does not cause sickness to humans(Stanhope, 2015). There are four most common types of epidemiological studies: Cohort Study. Case-Control Study. Occupational Epidemiological Study. Cross-Sectional Study. Epidemiologists use statistical methods to determine whether the differences they see are real or due to chance fluctuations. Epidemiology defined to be the study of the causes, existence management, and spread of health and illnesses in a certain niche population. Infection is the multiplication of organisms inside the tissues of the host and may eventually culminate into an illness. A carrier refers to any individual with no overt disease who bears infectious organisms(guides, 2014). There are various steps applied in the investigation of disease-causing epidemics. Means and methods have advanced tremendously overtime since the time of Hippocrates. Depending on the technique and analysis, epidemiology varies depending on the type of the disease in question. Here is a process that can be used in Epidemiology Study. Acknowledging the existence of a problem: It is quite expensive to undertake full studies in epidemiology besides the tiresome nature of the task. It is important to establish the need of a research before a study is undertaken(Wallace, 2014). ? Justification of the homogeneity of the undertaking: conclusions drawn from homogenous occurrences are likely to be suspected and thus it is required that the undertaken events to be the real cases of the disease under study(Singer, 2016). Gather all the occurrences: Inspecting an enormous data would yield more accurate results hence it is important to gather as much information and one can to enable evaluation of the greatest available risk factors. Various strategies can be deployed in the gathering of the events including from records of hospitals and epidemiological study methods. The events can be characterized by Incidence rates and prevalence rates. Often, the occurrence of a single disease entity is set as an event(Organization, 2013). Given inherent heterogeneous nature of any given disease (i.e., the unique disease principle), a single disease entity may be treated as disease subtypes. This framework is well conceptualized in the interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology. Checking the trends and patterns: The similarities in the occurrences which could help in the identification of the main risk factors that would facilitate the contraction of the disease are considered in this. Such risks can be identified with the help of epidemic curves.(Webber, 2009). Formulate a hypothesis: The researcher may consider postulating as to the extent of the correlation between the disease and the probable agent causing the disease upon observation of the trend in the cases. Test the hypothesis: Uncontrollable variations are found to be a pollutant to the epidemiological studies conducted since these experiments can never be done in a laboratory thereby making interpretation of the found results a bit of a challenge. This often makes the results difficult to interpret. To assess the correlation between the disease and the disease-causing factors, two methods are deployed; Koch's postulates and Bradford-Hill Criteria Publish the results: The found out result are published and the findings made known so as the necessary adjustments can be made. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases There is the need to prevent and control of Ebola. Among the strategies include; Implementing vaccination laws and taking universal cautions pathogen procedures according to public health policies, and regulations. Vaccinations of individuals will be organized and medical assessments carried out besides any other strategies that would ensure non-harmful infection in a bid to contain the spread of communicable diseases(Bonita, 2012). Ongoing health education relating to disease prevention, hygiene measures for all people ranging from children in the family unit, public domain and reaching the masses in various ways to foster cleanliness and prevention. Implementing good hand washing procedures. Implementing case isolation and effective treatment to minimize contact and reduce the chances of re-infection and even infecting other people(Lederberg, 2012). ensuring safety and security of blood being transfused Avoiding infection while traveling abroad Undertakings which provide tourism services shall inform their customers about to travel to a foreign country of: the risks of becoming infected with a communicable disease in the country to be visited; the validity of vaccination or of using medicinal products; the chances of getting medical advice before travelling and medication during the travel. Quarantine is a restriction of the movement of persons, goods, and vehicles and of the provision of services which is established with the aim of preventing any extremely dangerous communicable disease from spreading outside the focus of the disease(Atherstone, 2014). For the purposes of this Act, the focus of a disease is a delimited territory containing persons suffering from a communicable disease and persons suspected of being infected and where intensified surveillance over the residents is exercised by the health protection authorities(Cavendish, 2011). Quarantine is established by a written order of the county government on the proposal of the director general of the public health. Quarantine requirements and the procedure for compliance therewith shall be established by a regulation of the minister responsible for the area. Quarantine is ended by a documented instruction of the public health officers on the recommendation by the general director of the public after the outbreak of the communicable disease has been thwarted, the fulfillments of the requirements for the control and the and attention on the disease has been declared of no impact any more(Kahn, 2015). The outlining of quarantine requirements and the bringing to an end thereof shall be to the public knowledge through the various available sources of media Principles of Surveillance The ease of spread of communicable diseases from an individual to another is very high in the society and may result into numerous illnesses and deaths. A comprehensive public health surveillance comprised of close range observation, noting and reporting of scenarios of weighty communicable diseases in a society has extensive being covered in this excerpt(Evans, 2016). An vast comprehension of public health surveillance gives a healthcare practitioner an opportunity to identify any chances of existence of extra cases of communicable diseases in a society and submit the report and the most appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities. Through the use of public health surveillance, one is able to evaluate the extent of damage by a major communicable diseases in a given geographical boundary by taking the single head counts of the reported cases of the disease infection. Planning and establishing the most appropriate measures to curb and control communicable infections is made possible through the collection and analysis of public health data. Such measures would be among them supply and distribution of the required medicines as well as enlightening the community as regards prevention of the diseases. In-depth explanations of the public health surveillance basic concepts, the various available types of surveillance as well as the undertakings one involves in during recording and reporting illnesses is discussed herein.(Crawford, 2015). Public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for preventing and controlling disease and injury. Public health surveillance is a tool to estimate the health status and behavior of the populations served by ministries of health, ministries of finance, and donors. Because surveillance can directly measure what is going on in the population, it is useful both for measuring the need for interventions and for directly measuring the effects of interventions. The purpose of surveillance is to empower decision makers to lead and manage more effectively by providing timely, useful evidence(Bouzid, 2016). Sentinel Surveillance Periodic Population-based Surveys Laboratory related surveillance The methods deployed in the surveillance of infectious diseases in a particular country are a factor of the economic status of the country. That means developed countries are likely to enjoy more complex data surveillance techniques as opposed to economically endangered countries. Analysis of surveillance information is based on person, place and/or time. There should be continuous review of the hospital data by qualified technical personnel so as to ascertain that the data relied upon for the operations of the hospital is valid and not containing any elements of misleading information(Lyons-Weiler, 2015). Tables and graphs are found to be the most appropriate when presenting data due to their simplistic nature. It is worth to note that the data should be delivered to the policy makers in time so as to enable them include the collected and interpreted data when coming up with programs deemed to be of necessity in the surveillance of data. The fast changing informatics field of health, concerned with gathering, classification, preservation, extraction, analysis and display of volumes of health data, gives an opportunity for real integrated public health surveillance depending on the standardization of data, infrastructure of communication, and regulations bordering access and safety of health data. By incorporating a systematic approach to the contents of data standard, surveillance will benefit(Ealy, 2015). An example is the deployment of systems based on standards in supporting the automation of reporting diagnostic laboratory results electronically enabling the identification of noticed diseases thereby enhancing quick responses and corrective measures by the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References Atherstone, C. (2014). Ebola risk assessment in the pig value chain in Uganda. Kampala: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). Bonita, R. (2012). Basic Epidemiology. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bouzid, B. 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